Every child perceives the world in their own unique way, and one of the key elements of this process is sensory integration – the body’s ability to receive, process and interpret sensory stimuli. Sensory integration enables the child to respond appropriately to the stimuli around them, forming the basis of development, learning and social functioning.
Unfortunately, not every child processes stimuli correctly, which may lead to sensory integration (SI) disorders. These disorders result from the nervous system organising sensory input incorrectly and may affect any sensory system: touch, vision, hearing, taste, smell, balance and proprioception.
How can you identify your child's sensory type? Here are the most common categories and the characteristics of each type.
The Hypersensitive Child
Children with sensory hypersensitivity perceive stimuli as overly intense, which can cause them to react strongly. Typical features of hypersensitivity include:
- Avoiding touch, for example disliking being touched by other people.
- Heightened response to pain: even minor injuries cause severe discomfort.
- Difficulty accepting clothing textures - needing labels to be cut out and choosing only certain materials.
- Discomfort during hair washing, hair brushing or nail trimming.
- Avoiding ‘messy’ activities, such as finger painting or playing in sand.
- Defensive reactions to sounds, bright light or strong smells.
- Movement difficulties - avoiding swings, crowds or physical activity.
These children often display disproportionate responses such as crying, running away or emotional outbursts. Sensory hypersensitivity may co-occur with anxiety disorders or oppositional defiant disorder.
Sensory under-responder
The source describes children with low sensory registration as needing more noticeable input before they respond to it. It compares their responses to a ‘muted radar’ and says they may appear less responsive. Features described include:
- Reduced response to pain: the child may be injured without appearing to notice.
- No response to changes in body position.
- Apathy, a lack of exploration of the surroundings and low energy levels.
- Chewing non-food objects, such as pencils or clothing.
- Clumsiness, bumping into objects, balance problems.
- No apparent response to strong smells or sounds.
Children with low sensory responsiveness require stronger stimuli in order to notice them, such as a firm hug, vigorous movement or distinct flavours.
Sensory-Seeking Child
Children who seek sensory input have a constant need for intense stimuli. They look for new challenges and display excessive activity. Typical characteristics include:
- A constant need for movement – running, jumping and spinning.
- They seek intense tastes and smells and may even try to taste non-food items.
- Behaviours that appear aggressive – pushing, biting and bumping into others.
- Risky play - climbing to high places and jumping from a great height.
Sensory seekers often appear hyperactive and fearless as they try to meet their sensory needs.
Combination of types
It is worth remembering that sensory processing difficulties can occur in combination. For example, a child may be hypersensitive to noise while also seeking intense movement stimuli. A child’s reactions depend on many factors, including their mood, level of tiredness and changes in their surroundings.
How can a sensory profile be established?
Begin by mapping the child's individual needs in relation to each of their senses (a hint: there are more than five). Then consider how to adapt the child's environment — through sensory toys, adjustments at home, preschool services and other measures — to support their strengths and needs.
What Should You Do If You Notice Symptoms?
If you notice that your child has difficulty processing stimuli, it is worth consulting a specialist – a sensory integration therapist. Sensory integration therapy helps the child cope better with surrounding stimuli and improves day-to-day functioning.
Awareness of your child's sensory type is the first step towards better understanding their needs and supporting their development. This allows you to help them find balance and engage more fully with the world around them.
Emilia Adamczyk